Product Code Database
Sybella " Isie" Margaretha Smuts (née Krige, also known as Ouma Smuts; 22 December 1870 — 25 February 1954) was the second First lady of the Union of South Africa, and a teacher, farmer, charity organiser and Scrapbooking. She grew up in the British Cape Colony and qualified as a teacher in 1891. She taught for six years before marrying Jan Smuts, who later became the second Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa. She was a staunch supporter of Afrikaner nationalist aims to break free of British rule. Smuts eventually supported her husband's efforts to bring reconciliation to the Dutch and English communities and the creation of the self-governing union. During the Second Boer War (1899–1902) and World War I she supplied care parcels to inmates and soldiers. When the war ended, she was active in the Suid-Afrikaanse Vrouefederasie (South African Women's Federation), a social welfare service for war widows and orphans.
In 1909, the couple settled on the Doornkloof farm (known in English as The Big House) in Irene township outside Pretoria. She raised their six surviving children there and during her husband's extended absences on matters of state, she was the primary administrator of the farm. In the evenings when the family retired, she clipped articles from media sources written about Jan and organised them into scrapbooks. Smuts preferred to remain outside the public sphere and rarely joined her husband in any official capacity until his second term as prime minister began in 1939. She then became a leader in the Women's United Party, an affiliate of the United Party of South Africa. During World War II, she became a public figure. She spoke out against fascism and supported the creation of the Women's International Democratic Federation, an organisation aimed at preventing war and furthering women's rights. She participated in radio broadcasts and wrote articles to urge support for the war effort, accompanied her husband on troop inspection tours, brought soldiers care packages, and wrote letters for them.
In 1940, Smuts founded and chaired the Gifts and Comforts Fund, which raised money to provide servicemen with toiletries, sports equipment, and radios. Over the course of the war, the fund raised over a million pounds. Her war activities made her an icon and she became popularly known as the mother (or Ouma, grandmother) of South Africa. She received an honorary PhD from the University of the Witwatersrand in 1943 and in 1952 the South African Association of University Women created a research scholarship bearing her name. When Smuts died in 1954, her papers and scrapbook collections were donated to the South African State Archives. Microfilm copies of the Smuts Archive, which also includes Jan's records, are housed at the Universities of Cambridge and Cape Town. The Doornkloof farm was designated a National Monument by the Government of South Africa in 1969. A street in Pretoria was named in her honour.
Krige attended in Stellenbosch. When she was fifteen, Jan Smuts, a farmer's son from Riebeek West, near Malmesbury, moved into the house of W. Ackermann, a neighbour and friend of the Krige family. Jan was a serious student at Victoria College, and the two met while walking to school. They developed a habit that Jan would accompany Krige to school in the morning and back home in the afternoon. The two had much in common: both were shy and reserved, both enjoyed walking and discussing literature and botany, and they liked to sing together. Jan even tutored her in Greek. Krige wanted to become a physician but the family's financial situation did not allow for such a long period of study. Instead, after passing the entrance exam in 1887 for Victoria College, Krige graduated in 1891 and began teaching in a rural school, where she earned £5 a month. Jan graduated in science and literature in 1891 and was awarded the Ebden Scholarship to study law at the University of Cambridge. While he was abroad, they wrote to each other regularly. He passed his bar examination in England in 1894, and after turning down an offer to become a professor, returned to the Cape Colony.
Failing to establish a successful law practice in the Cape Colony, in 1896 Jan moved to the Transvaal Colony. He made trips back to visit his parents and Krige, and on 30 April 1897 in Stellenbosch, he and Krige married. They immediately left to return to Johannesburg and established their home on Twist Street. On 5 March 1898, Smuts gave birth to premature twins, Koosie and Jossie, who lived less than a month. Within three months, the couple moved to Pretoria, when Jan became the State Attorney of the Transvaal. They had another son, Jacobus Abraham (known as Koosie), on 16 April 1899, and before the end of the year, Smuts published A Century of Wrong, an English translation of her husband's co-written work Een Eeuw van Onrecht. The book recounted the perceived injustices the Boers had experienced at the hands of the British. Within weeks, the Second Boer War broke out and Jan was one of the defenders of Pretoria when it was captured by the British in June 1900. Jan subsequently went to the front. On 14 August their son died. After her son's death, the British sent Smuts, her younger sister and a friend to Pietermaritzburg, in the Colony of Natal. Despite her wish to be held with other women in the nearby concentration camp, Smuts and her party lived in a house. They frequently visited the camp to console the inmates and bring them items they had knitted. In 1902, at the end of the war the couple reunited in Pretoria and by 1914 had six children.
After the Union was created, a period of socio-economic unrest ensued. Smuts publicly endorsed her husband's policies in an effort to reduce the perception that he was against Afrikaner nationalist aims. The historian Suryakanthie Chetty stated that Smuts had become known as "italics=no" (aunt Isie) and was popularly viewed as a plain-spoken, humble country wife, as opposed to a sophisticated city dweller. She became active in the welfare work of the (South African Women's Federation), an organisation founded in 1904 by Annie Botha and Georgiana Solomon to assist destitute widows and war orphans. In 1909, the couple moved to a farm in Irene township, outside Pretoria, covering , where Jan relocated a former military mess hall and renovated it into a home that came to be known as Doornkloof (and in English The Big House). The house was made of tin to prevent Carpenter ant from demolishing it, and was modest in comparison with other statesmen's residences. It contained a huge library of around 6,000 books in "Afrikaans, Dutch, English, French, German, Hebrew, Latin, and Greek", on a wide variety of subjects, including botany, ethics, evolution, and philosophy. When Parliament was in session, Jan lived at Groote Schuur, near Cape Town, but Smuts remained at Doornkloof, preferring to avoid politics and remain in the background. Jan's long absences meant that she was the primary person overseeing the farming activities and tending the bee hives. Doornkloof was where they raised their children, Susanna Johanner (14 August 1903, known as Santa), Catharina Petronella (3 December 1904, called Cato), Jacob Daniel (17 July 1906 – 10 October 1948, known as Japie), Sybella Margaretha (27 July 1908, called Sylma), Jan Christian (15 August 1912, known as Jannie), Louis Anne de la Rey (1 November 1914, a daughter named after Louis Botha and Koos de la Rey), and an adopted daughter Kathleen de Villiers. In addition to running the household, Smuts organised a massive collection of articles written about Jan. Her scrapbooking activities frequently took place at night after the family had retired. She also dealt with the hate mail regularly received at the farm from many Afrikaners who felt that Jan had betrayed his own people by reconciling with the British.
Smuts was unpretentious and preferred to be informal when extending hospitality to guests. She was unimpressed by high society or fame, and although she entertained numerous dignitaries, she welcomed them cordially without any fanfare. For example, in mid-1941 Crown Princess Frederika of Greece sought refuge in South Africa after the Nazi invasion of Greece. Shortly after her arrival, the Smuts invited her and her husband Crown Prince Paul, their children Constantine and Sophia, her brother-in-law George II of Greece, her sister-in-law Princess Katherine and other members of their party to a luncheon at Mahlamba Ndlopfu, Jan's official residence in Pretoria. A few weeks later, Jan announced that the party would arrive that afternoon for tea at Doornkloof. Smuts and her daughters frantically attempted to straighten the farmhouse and hid some of the clutter under the furniture in the small sitting room. The guests arrived and to accommodate everyone the furniture was moved, exposing their secret stash. Nonplussed, Smuts was able to hold a successful tea party. Likewise in 1947 when George VI, Queen Elizabeth, and their daughters Elizabeth II and Margaret came from Britain to South Africa, Smuts explained that she was too ill to travel to Cape Town. The queen's response was that they would simply come to visit at Moorreesburg.
By the time Jan had begun his second term as prime minister, women in the Union of South Africa had won the right to vote. The vote was extended to women in 1930 as a means of expanding the White electorate, rather than as a result of agitation for gender equality. Smuts was in favour of granting suffrage to women, if it did not interfere with their roles as mothers whose work was in the home. She was conservative and believed that racial and social hierarchies were necessary for maintaining order. Supporting policies of racial segregation, her attitude towards Black South Africans was Paternalism and she treated her Black staff as if they were children. Her husband aimed to make the Union of South Africa "the mother of white civilisation in the continent." Smuts' conservative views extended to women's and Blacks' participation when they were called to support the war effort in World War II. Neither group was allowed to serve as combatants, and both groups were limited to supporting roles. When the war broke out, a radical fascist segment of the White Afrikaner community gained adherents who sympathised with the Nazi Party's ideology of Germanic people's racial superiority. When the Ossewabrandwag, a right-wing, paramilitary, Afrikaner nationalist group took part in demonstrations and acts of sabotage, Smuts stressed the need for the country to unite in the fight against fascism. In 1945, she sent a letter of support to the women founding the Women's International Democratic Federation, an anti-fascist organisation intent on preventing war and improving women's rights.
Smuts became a public figure during the war. She and Jan were portrayed by the media as the mother and father of the country. In a radio broadcast, the couple launched the 'gold fund', a project which encouraged the donation of gold jewellery to fund the war effort. In 1940, she founded and chaired the Gifts and Comforts Fund, an initiative operated at the national level to raise funds for the war effort. By 1942, £158,000 had been collected, and by the end of the war the fund had raised over a million pounds. The fund distributed items such as sports equipment and radios to give servicemen comforts from home and something to do when they were not fighting. Smuts personally sewed toiletries bags, wrote articles for The Women's Auxiliary, gave speeches, and went on troop inspection tours with Jan. On one such trip in Egypt in 1942, she visited soldiers in their camps and in hospital and supervised the delivery of parcels to them. She organised a tea and poured it for the servicemen herself. She also wrote letters for them to their loved ones. She campaigned for the welfare of prisoners of war and participated in the launch of the Governor-General's War Fund. Over the course of the war, Smuts became an icon, especially for the soldiers fighting abroad, and was known affectionately as "ouma" (grandmother). In 1941, Jan had a South African woman sculptor create a bust of Smuts to memorialise her success as a public figure. While they were in Egypt, the English painter Simon Elwes painted portraits of the couple. Jan proclaimed Elwes's portrait of his wife a masterpiece. In 1943, her war work was honoured by the University of the Witwatersrand, which granted her an honorary PhD in philosophy. The following year, in honour of her 74th birthday, dignitaries from Britain, South Africa, and the United States hosted a campaign, Ouma's Birthday Appeal, which included radio broadcasts from celebrities, and raised around £200,000. In 1946, the Welsh writer Tom Macdonald, wrote Ouma Smuts: The First Lady of South Africa, based on interviews with Smuts and other documentation.
Upon her death, in accordance with the terms of her will, her official and personal papers, apart from her letters to Jan which she had destroyed, were given to the State Archives in Pretoria. These also included some of Jan's papers, but not the documents she had destroyed as a safety measure before the British siege of Pretoria in the Boer War. Jan's papers had been housed temporarily at the Jagger Library at the University of Cape Town for the collection to be organised, catalogued, and supplemented by donations of correspondence from people he had written to, as Jan had not made copies of his outgoing mail. The Smuts Archive Trust was established to curate the collections, join them into one archive and provide for their preservation in the State Archives. Two microfilm copies of the materials were prepared and housed at the Universities of Cambridge and Cape Town. Smuts' correspondence with the South African author Olive Schreiner, written between 1899 and 1917, is included in The Olive Schreiner Letters Online project, organised by professor Liz Stanley of the University of Edinburgh. Their correspondence mainly focuses on war relief efforts after the Boer War, although they also describe their personal relationship and political differences.
Six years after Smuts' death a developer attempted to purchase Doornkloof to turn it into a sanatorium. To prevent the loss of the historic site, the Pretoria attorney Guy Brathwaite purchased the house and 25 morgen of land (around ), from Kitty, widow of Smuts's oldest son Japie, for £7,000. Gathering ex-servicemen at a conference, Brathwaite proposed the establishment of the General Smuts War Veterans' Foundation to preserve the property as a memorial. The house was restored and plans were made to plant indigenous trees and shrubs on the property to create a nature park, preserving the botanical specimens in the wild gardens the Smuts had designed. In 1969, the Government of South Africa declared the property a National Monument. Isie Smuts Street in Constantia Park, Pretoria, is named in her honour.
According to Chetty, a study of Smuts' life provides understanding of the changes underway in South Africa caused by the three wars which occurred in the first half of the twentieth century. Her life represents the conservative view of women's supportive roles as wives and mothers, and their sacrifices for the nation. Smuts' evolution from a staunch supporter of Afrikaner nationalism to support for the British and recognizing a nation built of both Dutch and British White citizens contrasted with the large segment of Afrikaners who were unable to accept reconciliation with the British. Her paternalistic attitude towards Black South Africans conflicted with the demands of the majority section of the population which had begun to demand political recognition. The Second World War caused socio-economic shifts in South Africa that brought the demands of Afrikaner and Black South Africans to a head, giving birth to the apartheid state.
|
|
